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Sleep Paralysis: All About This Scary Phenomenon

Sleep paralysis is one of the scariest experiences that many of us have felt at least once in our lives. 5% of people suffer from regular episodes of sleep paralysis that can lead to serious mental issues and insomnia.

Sleep paralysis is when a person is waking up or falling asleep, and is aware of the surroundings but cannot move or speak. During such episodes, you might hallucinate - feel, hear and see something that’s actually not there. Needless to say, such episodes can be traumatic and scary, people feel out of control. Sleep paralysis tends to last less than a few minutes. Some people experience this condition regularly, others might never undergo sleep paralysis. 

I will get you through the history of sleep paralysis, explain its causes and symptoms together with sleep paralysis hallucinations, how to stop it. Then I will introduce you to similar conditions and move to conclusions. 

Sleep Paralysis Through History 

If you like to dig into history, you may have come across references to sleep paralysis. Usually, it wasn’t written under the name “sleep paralysis”, rather described as terrifying experiences, such as being held, choked and seeing beings of blurry forms that may look like demons or possessions. There are many folklore and myths from around the world that tell these stories. 

The very first clinical description for the sleep paralysis was “Incubus or the Night-mare” in 1664 by the Dutch physician who used these words to describe his patient’s experience. 

Sleep paralysis: incubus

Have you ever heard of the incubus? It’s a demon that people held responsible for all the bad dreams from ancient Mesopotamia to the Roman Empire. Translated from Latin, it means ‘to sit on’. It refers to the being, later called the incubus who sat on peoples’ chests during the nightmares. People thought that he was the cause of the horrifying dreams. 

Mara is also widely associated with sleep paralysis. It’s not actually a demon but more like a person with magical abilities that haunts humans in their dreams. 

Sleep paralysis is definitely not a common phenomenon. Based on the 2011 research[1], about 7.6% of all individuals experience sleep paralysis at least once in their life. 

Hallucinations During Sleep Paralysis

Sleep paralysis hallucinations are common among people who have experienced this condition. People hear sounds that they cannot explain - bussing zapping, hissing, and static noises are often reported. You can also hear clear sounds, such as whispers into your ear and all-around your room, voices and roars. These sound most often create panic and fear. 

Sleep paralysis symptoms also include unpleasant and even shocking sensations. You can feel like being dragged out of the bed, and even flying. People also say that they feel strange vibrations and shivers running through their bodies. It’s like living through the horror movie. 

Sleep paralysis: hallucinations

The most terrifying sleep paralysis symptoms are hallucinations. You might feel the presence of the incubus, an intruder in your room. An out-of-body experience is also quite common. 

People describe sleep paralysis hallucinations differently. Some of them say that they see aliens, others cannot recognize the figure, only see dark clouds of smoke. Others say that it’s a demon or demonic possession they were seeing. Thus, each experience is different, and you may not know what’s waiting for you. 

Sleep Paralysis Causes/Pathophysiology

To explain everything clearly, I want to begin from the very beginning. You can experience sleep paralysis at two times (usually):

  • When you’re falling asleep - hypnagogic or predormital sleep paralysis.
  • When you’re waking up - hypnopompic or postdormital sleep paralysis.

When you’re falling asleep and your body starts sinking into the sleep. During this stage, you’re not aware that you cannot move, however, if you would be, you would notice that you cannot move or make a sound. 

Processes happening when you’re waking up are completely different. When you fall asleep, you go through four or five sleep cycles throughout the night (one lasts about 90-120 minutes) and experience REM and NREM sleep

First, you experience three different stages of NREM sleep, during these stages your body relaxes, rests and restores itself. Then follow the REM (rapid eye movement) stage. This is when you experience the most vivid dreams. If you become aware during the REM sleep stage, you might notice that you cannot move or speak. 

Studies show that people who experience sleep paralysis have shorter REM stage response times and also have shorter periods of NREM and REM sleep stages[2]. It clearly shows that one of the sleep paralysis causes is the disruption in your sleep cycle and sleep patterns.

Sleep paralysis: hallucinations

Another important theory is that neural functions that are responsible for sleep regulation are out of balance. This means that instead of going through different stages of sleep in rotation, your sleep stages might overlap. 

One more aspect that can cause sleep paralysis is almost non-blocking of exogenous stimuli. It means that a person can be woken up from sleep way easier. The disruption in the regulation of melatonin can be also what causes sleep paralysis. 

All these conditions are the most logical explanation of the disruption in sleep cycles, why REM sleep overlaps with waking stages, and can easily explain why you wake up but without the ability to move or speak - feeling paralyzed. 

Sleep paralysis causes are often associated with: 

  • Sleep deprivation or insomnia.
  • Narcolepsy - a neurological disorder that leads to sudden sleep attacks. 
  • Sleeping on your back. 
  • Family history of this condition. 
  • Mental conditions such as stress or bipolar disorder
  • Medications. The most common are ADHD medications. 

If you have experienced sleep paralysis only once or twice in your life, there’s no need to be worried. As mentioned before, many people have experienced this condition at least once in their lives. The regular occurrence of sleep paralysis, on the other hand, can be the consequence of even more serious problems. 

How to Stop Sleep Paralysis? 

It’s pretty clear what causes sleep paralysis, but another important question is how to stop it? 

Sleep paralysis: nightmare

Sleep paralysis usually requires no treatment, it tends to come and go. However, if you experience this condition frequently, then you need to look for causes and start making changes. You should start from:

  • Getting a good night's sleep. An adult should get from 6 to 8 hours a day of quality sleep.  
  • Sleeping routine. You should try to go to sleep and wake up at the same time. The routine can help you treat insomnia that is one of the causes of sleep paralysis. 
  • Setting your sleeping environment. When you fall asleep, your body temperature decreases by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit. So, you should also make sure that your bedroom is not too hot and minimize the temperature a little bit. Also, get rid of all the light sources and keep it quiet (if you have loud neighbors then you can get earplugs).  And get a comfortable mattress, if you haven't done that yet.
  • Healthy lifestyle. If you’re looking at how to stop sleep paralysis, a healthy lifestyle is one of the best methods. If you’re not exercising, you should start doing that regularly. Also, get rid of alcohol, smoking, and fast food, or at least try to minimize it as much as possible. What’s more, avoid eating big meals before bed. If you’re starving then choose a healthy snack instead. 

Also, doctors sometimes prescribe a course of antidepressant medication (for example, clomipramine). They’re used in smaller doses than when used by people who suffer from depression and work by modifying the sleep cycle. 

Note that before using medication, you should talk to your doctor. 

Similar Conditions

If you experienced something that seems like a sleep paralysis based on definition, you should also be aware of similar conditions, maybe they’re actually what’s troubling you. 

Exploding head syndrome (EHS)

It’s a condition when a person hears unreal noises when waking up and falling asleep. Such noises are usually loud and of short duration. Exploding head syndrome is not associated with a serious disease, however, it’s frightening and highly unpleasant, just like sleep paralysis.

The real cause of this condition is unknown, but some of the most-likely explanations include: 

  • Nerve dysfunction
  • Temporal lobe seizure
  • Ear problems
  • Genetic changes

Women can be more affected by this condition than men. And, unfortunately, the EHS research gap still exists. 

Nightmare disorder (ND)

Sleep paralysis: nightmare disorder

Also called a dream anxiety disorder. People who suffer from this disorder experience frequent nightmares that often threaten their personal safety. It appears in the REM stage of sleep when dreams are the most vivid. 

This disorder is a little bit similar to the sleep terror episode, just so much more terrifying. People who experience nightmare disorder can remember everything they were dreaming about, and individuals who suffer from sleep terror episode, wake up freaked out without actually remembering the dream. It occurs during the NREM stage. 

Such a condition can be caused by stress, irritation or pressure. Nightmare disorder is experienced by 4% of adults[3] and can affect both men and women. It can be treated using stress reduction techniques, such as meditation, exercise, and yoga. 

Sleep terrors (STs)

Considered a parasomnia, occurs in episodes of scream and deep fear while still being asleep. This condition is mostly experienced by children and can last from a few seconds to a few minutes, and even longer. 

The main factors that can cause sleep terrors are: 

  • Stress
  • Fewer
  • Medication
  • Young age
  • Sleep deprivation

Sleep terrors normally appear when waking up from delta sleep. Such sleep usually appears during the first half of your sleep cycle. Thus, this parasomnia is most common for people who experience longer episodes of delta sleep. 

Even though many children experience night terrors, there’s nothing to be worried about - they simply outgrow this disorder. 

Nocturnal panic attacks (NPAs)

Sleep paralysis: panic attack

Panic attacks appear as sudden periods of intense terror. During the nocturnal panic attack, you can begin shivering, sweating, shortness of breath and get a feeling as if something very bad is about to happen. 

They’re not physically dangerous, however, can signalize about other, more serious diseases such as: 

  • Posttraumatic stress disorder
  • Depression
  • Panic disorder
  • Social anxiety disorder
  • Medical problems 

If you’re experiencing frequent panic attacks, you should start applying techniques that can help you to reduce stress, such as yoga or meditation. And you should consult your doctor right away, he might prescribe you medication. 

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

The most visible symptoms of posttraumatic sleep disorder are difficulty falling or staying asleep. It’s a mental health condition that’s caused by a shocking event. 

You can experience disturbing thoughts and terrifying dreams - nightmares. It’s known that people who experience interpersonal trauma are more likely to develop PTSD, whereas those who have experienced non-assault based trauma have fewer chances. 

Posttraumatic stress disorder is usually treated using certain medications and counseling. 

Therefore, even if sleep paralysis is considered as the scariest experience, there are other disorders that can be more than unpleasant. 

Conclusions 

Thus, as promised in the very beginning, I’ve answered the question - “what causes sleep paralysis?”, explained sleep paralysis symptoms and how to stop it. 

So, many people have experienced sleep paralysis at least once in our lives - 5% of people suffer from regular episodes of being aware of their surroundings but not being able to speak or move. 

During sleep paralysis, people hear sounds they cannot explain, feel unpleasant sensations, such as being dragged out of the bed and even flying. They often experience hallucinations that people describe as a dark figure, demon or demonic possession, dark clouds of smoke and even aliens. 

Sleep paralysis: hallucinations

If you’re searching for how to stop sleep paralysis, you should start living healthier, get a good night's sleep, set your sleeping environment properly, and create a sleeping routine. If you have more concerns, you should contact your doctor without hesitation. 

Also, if you’re experiencing similar symptoms to sleep paralysis but not completely sure that’s what you’re going through, then you should take a look into similar conditions, such as exploding head syndrome, nightmare disorder, sleep terrors, nocturnal panic attacks and posttraumatic stress disorder - maybe they will give you the answer.


Scientific References

1. Brian A. Sharpless and Jacques P. Barber: 'Lifetime Prevalence Rates of Sleep Paralysis: A Systematic Review'

2. Björn W. Walther, Hartmut Schulz: 'Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis: Polysomnographic and clinical findings'

3. Timothy I. Morgenthaler, Sanford Auerbach, Kenneth R. Casey: 'Position Paper for the Treatment of Nightmare Disorder in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Position Paper'


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hallucinations are the worst of part of it belive me

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Helpful information for everyone

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My sleep paralysis

I have experienced it once and it was terrifying. Nothing like hallucinations umm more like the feeling of being helpless

Commenttt

Can't imagine regular sleep paralysis. Sounds terrifying

Thank you and question

Is it possible that insomnia can lead to such state? thank you for the article

Never heard about it. Good joB

Never heard about it. Good joB

Sleep terrors

My cousin (when he was at a very young age...) had sleep terrors and the symptoms are quite the same. I wonder why is that?

Simple sleep disorder

Actually this is a simple sleep disorder. It is treated in the same ways as ordinary diseases.

Very rare

As far as I know sleep paralysis is very rare and some people don't even know they experienced it

FAQ

Why is sleep paralysis so scary?

During the REM stage of sleep, when the most vivid dreams appear, your body muscles are relaxed and you cannot move, so that you wouldn't act out on your dreams. When you experience sleep paralysis, you wake up and are able to see things that are actually not there.

Can stress cause the sleep paralysis?

Yes. Stress is among one of the causes of sleep paralysis. However, it works both ways - stress can lead to sleep paralysis, and sleep paralysis can lead to stress. Therefore, you should try stress-relieving techniques, such as meditation, yoga, and even essential oil therapy before bed.

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Memory foam mattresses are created mostly from polyurethane and have additional chemicals added that increase its viscosity and density. It’s also often called “viscoelastic polyurethane foam”. In order to create the air movement and let your body “breath” while you sleep, it has open foam bubbles. Memory foam mattresses are created in a way to adapt to your body curves and to also recover their original shape after you get up. Therefore, this kind of top mattresses offer you the feeling as if is created specifically for you.

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All of the top mattress brands offer a money-back guarantee. The free trial usually starts from 90 to 100 nights, and if you don’t like the mattress, you can simply give it back. The majority of best mattress providers will not only give your money back but will also come to get it for free. If the mattress provider is reputable, there won’t be any catch - everyone understands that you have to try the mattress before knowing if it fits you.

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Off-gassing refers to the odor which comes from a new mattress. It’s the process that happens when volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) leak out of the mattress foam into the air. Those chemicals include both human-made and natural components, including formaldehyde, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), benzene, trichloroethane, and perfluorocarbons. Top rated mattresses will have zero or very minimal off-gassing. Many of them are sent to the customer already after the off-gassing. Is it dangerous, though? Even though the smell can be unpleasant, there’s usually only a very small amount of chemicals that can do no harm to your health.

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